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Carol Gilligan (; born November 28, 1936) is an American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist best known for her work on ethical community and ethical relationships.

Gilligan is a professor of Humanities and Applied Psychology at New York University and was a visiting professor at the Centre for Gender Studies and Jesus College at the University of Cambridge until 2009. She is known for her book In a Different Voice (1982), which criticized Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development.

In 1996, Time magazine listed her among America's 25 most influential people. She is considered the originator of the ethics of care.

James Gilligan is an American psychiatrist and author, husband of Carol Gilligan and best known for his series of books entitled Violence, where he draws on 25 years of work in the American prison system to describe the motivation and causes behind violent behavior.

During his career, Gilligan has served as director for the Bridgewater State Hospital for the criminally insane, director of mental health for the Massachusetts prison system and as president of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy. He now lectures at the Department of Psychiatry, New York University. Gilligan is an adjunct professor at NYU Law and collegiate professor at NYU's College of Arts and Sciences. He has been on the faculty at NYU since 2002.

Previously, Gilligan was a faculty member at Harvard Medical School, where he worked from 1966 to 2000. In 1977 he became the director of the Harvard Institute of Law and Psychiatry.

Gilligan was brought in as the medical director of the Massachusetts prison mental hospital in Bridgewater, Massachusetts because of the high suicide and murder rates within their prisons. When he left ten years later the rates of both had dropped to nearly zero.

Gilligan served as the psychiatric adviser to Martin Scorsese for the film Shutter Island.